Eric Erickson
Erik Erikson bio je psihoanalitičar i jedan je od predstavnika pravca ego psihologije. Eriksonov rad ostaće upamćen u doprinosu tumačenja razvoja ličnosti. Prema njegovoj teoriji psihosocijalnog razvoja ličnosti, razvoj ličnosti se dešava tokom čitavog života. Smatrao je da je za razvoj KLJUČNA DVOSMERNA INTERAKCIJA OSOBE I OKOLINE. Okruženje neminovno postavlja izazove pred osobu i jednu vrstu zadatka koju osoba treba da reši, prevaziđe, odnosno - pronađe svoj ličan način adaptacije na izazove sredine u kojoj živi.
U Eriksonovoj teoriji važan je pojam IDENTITETA ličnosti. Formiranje identiteta ega je razultat uticaja čoveka na okoline u okoline na čoveka.
Erikson je definisao 8 stadijuma psihosocijalnog razvoja, za koje smatra da su pokazatelji tzv. eprigenetskog principa- da svaka osoba tokom života prolazi kroz faze razvoja. Prvi navedeni pojam u dijadi predstavlja uspešno razrešenje krize, dok drugi pojam označava neuspešno razrešenje krize:
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poverenje vs. nepoverenje - period odojčeta
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autonomija vs. stid i sumnja - period ranog detinjstva
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inicijativa vs. krivica - period detinjstva
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kompetentnost vs. inferiornost - period osnovne škole
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identitet vs. konfuzija identiteta - adolescencija
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bliskost vs. izolacija - mlađi odrasli period
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stravalaštvo, produktivnost vs. nezadovoljstvo - odreasli period
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integritet vs. doživljaj neispunjenosti - starija dob
Smataro je da je za prelazak u narednu fazu razvoja potrebno da se reše zadaci tipični za pretodne stadijume.
What is assumed as a necessary phenomenon in personality development is a psychosocial CRISIS. It is a state when various questions arise related to one's own personality and the circumstances in which one lives and encourages a person to find a "solution" - the answer to WHO AM I IN THE ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH I LIVE?
Why is it considered that this type of psychological crisis is USEFUL?
Because it indicates that there are desires of a person that are dissatisfaction, the state of psychological crisis forces a person to take action - to look for a different way of adapting to the environment or adapting the environment to oneself. A man in constant contact with others, but also with internal, psychological events in himself. And contact is not a static element but a dynamic process.
The crisis is transitory in nature and is said to have been successfully resolved when a person resolves the conflict that existed between him and the environment in which he lives. The positive resolution of the crisis does not have to be an easy and pleasant process, however, when the development curve is adequately resolved, it brings a subjective feeling of gain and satisfaction to the person. At the level of personality structure, it is considered that the person has mastered new adaptation mechanisms that enable further personality development.
It is the RESOLUTION OF THE CRISIS, that is, finding an authentic answer to it, that distinguishes it from a condition that we would say is psychopathological.